看国外 | 3种减少生猪生产中使用抗菌素的方法

看国外 2019-07-08 14:55:59

Pig farmers are under increasing pressure to reduce or eliminate antimicrobials from their production practices. Some EU forerunners have been successful at reducing antimicrobials without sacrificing productivity or performance. Here are 3 antimicrobial reduction take-home messages, inspired by forerunners’ success.

养猪户正面临着减少或消除在生产中使用抗菌素的压力。欧盟一些先行者已经成功做到在不牺牲生产力或性能的情况下减少抗菌素。受先驱者成功的启发,这里有3种减少抗菌素的方法。

As concern about antimicrobial resistance and the threat it presents to human health grows, farmers are under increasing pressure to reduce or eliminate antimicrobials from their production practices. Challenges focus on reducing antimicrobials in swine production without compromising health and performance. Operating under different production conditions, within varying regulatory structures and in diverse climates, producers face many challenges. The following field studies show that a multi-stakeholder approach can help producers achieve their goals while reducing their reliance on antimicrobials.

随着对抗菌素耐药性及其对人类健康的威胁的担忧日益加剧,农民面临越来越大的压力,要求他们减少或消除生产实践中的抗菌素。挑战的重点是在不损害健康和性能的前提下减少猪生产中的抗菌素。在不同的生产条件、不同的监管结构和不同的气候条件下,生产商面临着许多挑战。以下实地研究表明,多方利益攸关方的方法可以帮助生产者实现其目标,同时减少对抗菌素的依赖。

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It is necessary to reduce antimicrobials in swine production without compromising health and performance. Photo: Henk Riswick

在不损害健康和性能的前提下减少猪生产中的抗菌素很有必要。图:Henk Riswick

1. Benchmarking optimises success

1. 基准测试提高成功率

Legislation as well as market factors can inform production goals. One producer may target ‘responsible use of antimicrobials’ to comply with legislation while another producer may pursue ‘antibiotic-free’ as a point of competitive differentiation. Once goals are set, it’s time to assess the baseline and identify critical control points. Progress is only real when it is measurable.

立法以及市场因素都可以为生产目标提供信息。一家生产商可能会把“负责任地使用抗菌素”作为目标,以遵守相关法律,而另一家生产商可能会把“不使用抗菌素”作为竞争差异化的一个重点。一旦设定了目标,就到了评估基线和确定关键控制点的时候了。进步只有在可以衡量的时候才是真正的进步。

Take-home message in action

实际应用

A farm in Spain reduced standard antibiotic treatments in sow feed and experienced an increase in neonatal diarrhoea followed by a spike in pre-weaning mortality rate of 21%. While analyses showed that Clostridium played an important role in the diarrhoea challenge, different Clostridium vaccines failed to achieve the desired improvement. Subsequently, the farm stopped vaccinating sows against Clostridium.

西班牙的一个农场降低了母猪饲料中的标准抗生素用量,结果新生儿腹泻率上升,断奶前死亡率飙升至21%。虽然分析显示梭状芽胞杆菌在腹泻中发挥了重要作用,但不同的梭状芽胞杆菌疫苗未能达到预期的改善效果。随后,农场停止给母猪接种梭状芽孢杆菌疫苗。

To assess the starting threshold and establish performance goal metrics, samples of liquid sow feed were collected at different steps in the feeding process. Table 1shows high levels of yeast, Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridium detected in the microbial analysis conducted at both the kitchen of the liquid feed, as well as in the feed lines. Data from the initial analysis determined goals to reduce the presence of Clostridium and other contaminants. This tailored approach to monitor and improve feed hygiene included using organic acid blends to clean the feeding lines.

为了评估起始阈值并建立性能目标指标,对母猪液体饲料在投喂过程中的不同步骤进行了采样。表1显示,无论是在液体饲料的总分发室,还是在饲料管道中进行的微生物分析中,都检测到了高水平的酵母、肠杆菌科和梭菌。初步分析的数据确定了减少梭菌和其他污染物存在的目标。这种量身定制来监测和改善饲料卫生的方法,包括使用有机酸混合物清洁投料流水线。

The approach also included introducing several feed additives in the diet to stabilise the gut microflora and improve gut integrity. Just one month later, follow-up analysis revealed strongly reduced levels of Clostridium and Enterobacteriaceae in sow feed. The cleaning protocol was repeated, after which another analysis was performed. The improvements led the farm to adapt its standard management routine to include periodic monitoring of kitchen and feeding lines, helping ensure safe, hygienic feed.

该方法还包括在饲料中添加几种饲料添加剂,以稳定肠道微生物群,改善肠道完整性。仅一个月后,随访分析显示母猪饲料中梭状芽胞杆菌和肠杆菌科的含量显著降低。重复清洗程序,然后进行另一次分析。这些改进导致农场调整其标准管理程序,包括定期监测厨房和喂养线,帮助确保饲料安全、卫生。

2. It is all about prevention

2. 重点在于预防

If production systems should be stable and predictable, efforts to prevent disruptions of the normal flow are essential. Once the disruption has occurred and the balance is lost, all there is left to do is to try to minimise the impact and return to a state of balance and predictability as soon as possible. Investing time and effort in fixing the root cause of a problem, and therefore preventing repetition of that issue, is crucial. Most challenges cannot depend on a single solution to work in all situations. Instead, benchmarking and collaboration among all stakeholders should ensure a good analysis of the situation, leading to identification of the correct risk factors that need to be managed, and where possible, prevented.

如果希望生产系统稳定并可预测,就必须努力防止正常生产发生中断。一旦发生了破坏,失去了平衡,要做的就是努力将影响降到最低,并尽快回到平衡和可预测性的状态。投入时间和精力来解决问题的根源,从而防止问题重复发生,这是至关重要的。大多数挑战不能依赖于在所有情况下都能奏效的单一解决方案。相反,基准测试和所有利益相关者之间的协作应该确保对情况进行良好的分析,从而确定真正需要管理的风险因素,并在可能的情况下加以预防。

Take-home message in action

实际应用

The weaning process potentially has a big impact on piglets’ performance. Feed intake patterns before and shortly after weaning are the biggest risk factors for a post-weaning dip. Preventing this dip is essential to ensure good animal health and performance. Thus, low feed intake is the risk factor to be controlled, meaning that piglets need to consume feed during their visits to the feeding station.

断奶过程可能对仔猪的性能产生很大影响。断奶前后的采食量模式是断奶后性能下降的最大风险因素。防止这种下降对确保良好的健康状况和性能至关重要。因此,低采食量是需要控制的风险因素,这意味着仔猪去到饲喂站需进行采食。

Figure 1 shows the success rates of two groups of newly weaned piglets visiting a feeding station. The success rate was defined as a piglet consuming feed during its visit to the feeding station. One group of piglets received creep feed before weaning, while the other group did not. Although both groups of piglets visited the feeding station in equal rates following weaning, the group that received creep feed prior to weaning showed a higher success rate, and thus feed intake, during visits.

图1显示了两组刚断奶的仔猪前往饲喂站的成功率。成功率根据仔猪前往饲喂站期间是否有采食而定。一组仔猪在断奶前食用教槽料,而另一组则没有。虽然两组仔猪断奶后均以相同的速度到饲喂站,但断奶前采食教槽料的仔猪成功率更高,意味着采食量也更高。

Figure 1 – Success rates of piglets consuming feed at the feeding station.

图1-仔猪在饲喂站采食的成功率

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Factors occurring even longer before weaning may also affect piglets’ performance later in life. Difficulty of birth is a risk factor that may affect growth performance. Figure 2 shows growth rates of piglets with equal birth weights but divided based on whether they had a normal or difficult birth. The piglets who experienced a ‘normal’ birth showed significantly higher growth rates before and after weaning compared to the piglets whose birth was characterised as ‘poor’.

早于断奶前更长时间发生的因素也可能影响仔猪日后的表现。生育困难是一个可能影响生长性能的风险因素。图2显示了出生体重均等,但根据正常或难产情况划分的仔猪的生长速度。 “正常”分娩的小猪在断奶前和断奶后的生长速度明显高于出生时被判定为“弱仔”的仔猪。

Figure 2 – Growth rates of piglets with equal birth weights but divided based on whether they had a normal or difficult birth.

图2-根据仔猪出生情况划分,体重均等的仔猪的生长率

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Both situations are examples of risk factors that have a big impact on performance later in life. With preventive measures, these risk factors can be avoided, making the production process more stable and predictable.

这两种情况都是风险因素的例子,对日后的性能表现有很大影响。通过采取预防措施,可以避免这些风险因素,使生产过程更加稳定及可预测。

3. An integrated approach is key

3. 关键是采取综合性方法

Producers rely on close collaboration among several partners and consultants, each contributing their experience and expertise.

养猪户依赖于几个合作伙伴和顾问之间的密切合作,每个人都在其中贡献自己的经验和专业知识。

But when experts focus only on their own little piece of the production chain, there is minimal cohesion and awareness of the influence the elements have on each other. Therefore, it is no surprise that 2 of the key success factors in reducing reliance on antimicrobials are: collaboration among all stakeholders, and an integrated approach to achieving goals. Everybody contributing his or her part, working jointly toward the same goal, each from a different angle, and at the same time, helping to make sure all angles are covered.

但是,当专家只关注他们自己的生产链的一小部分时,就很少有凝聚力和意识到这些元素对彼此的影响。因此,减少对抗菌素依赖的两个关键成功因素是:所有利益攸关方之间的合作和实现目标的综合方法,这并不令人惊讶。每个人都贡献自己的一份力量,从不同的角度,为同一个目标共同努力,同时,确保涵盖各个角度。

Take-home message in action

实际应用

Swine production components are interrelated and a change in feed, farm or health management will impact other areas. A good example is the influence a pig’s gut health can have on vaccination efficacy. The gastrointestinal tract of pigs functions as a barrier between the animal’s system and the environment. The health and balance of this barrier system are affected by the quality, safety and composition of water and feed, which in turn influence growth, immune response and systemic health.

生猪生产的各个部分是相互关联的,饲料、农场或健康管理的变化将影响其他领域。一个很好的例子是猪的肠道健康对疫苗接种效果的影响。猪的胃肠道是动物系统和环境之间的屏障。这个屏障系统的健康和平衡受到水和饲料的质量、安全和成分的影响,而这些又反过来影响生长、免疫反应和全身健康。

Small changes in feed management, such as reducing the microbial load of feed by improving feed hygiene, can influence the animal’s systemic immune response, and thus vaccination efficacy.

饲料管理的小变化,如通过改善饲料卫生来降低饲料的微生物含量,会影响猪只的全身免疫反应,从而影响疫苗接种的效果。

At the Spanish farm mentioned earlier in this article, collaboration between the farm manager, veterinarian and feed consultant improved the liquid sow feed hygiene which led to improved effectiveness of the farm’s vaccination protocols. Integrating blends of organic acids (SCFA-MCFA) along with a Clostridium vaccine showed improvements in the Lactobacillus/Clostridium ratio of sow faeces. This ratio is considered a measurement to determine gut health.

前文提到的西班牙农场,农场经理、兽医和饲料顾问之间的合作改善了液态母猪饲料的卫生,从而提高了农场疫苗接种协议的有效性。将有机酸(SCFA-MCFA)与梭状芽孢杆菌(Clostridium)疫苗混合使用,可以提高母猪粪便中乳酸菌/梭状芽孢杆菌的比例。这一比率被认为是一种确定肠道健康的方法。

Subsequent analysis of piglet diarrhoea showed fewer piglets were positive for E. coli and Clostridium perfringens. The sow vaccination programme against Clostridium was resumed with success, resulting in pre-weaning mortality being reduced from 21% to just 7%.

随后对仔猪腹泻的分析表明,对大肠杆菌和产气梭菌呈阳性的仔猪较少。针对梭状芽孢杆菌的母猪疫苗接种计划成功重启,断奶前死亡率从21%降至7%。

Plan, do, check and act

计划、行动、复盘、再行动

Looking ahead to the future, the EU is moving towards even more stringent requirements regarding the use of veterinary antimicrobials. These requirements are driven largely by concerns surrounding antimicrobial resistance and contamination of the environment with antibiotics and heavy metals. In 2022, a new ban on pharmaceutical zinc oxide levels will be implemented. There will also be restrictions on metaphylactic use of antibiotics, and the possibility to reserve certain antibiotics for human-use only.

展望未来,欧盟在使用兽医抗菌素方面正朝着更加严格的要求迈进。这些要求主要是出于对抗生素耐药性以及抗生素和重金属污染环境的担忧。2022年,将实施一项新的药品氧化锌含量禁令。此外,还将限制对抗生素的形而上使用,以及有可能限制某些抗生素仅供人类使用。

Scientific insights applied to practical approaches on customer farms show that a multi-stakeholder approach, integrating feed, farm and health management can help swine farmers achieve production goals while reducing or eliminating their reliance on antimicrobials.

应用于客户农场实际方法的科学见解表明,联动众利益攸关方的方法,即饲料、农场和卫生管理的一体化,可以帮助养猪户实现生产目标,同时减少或消除他们对抗菌素的依赖。


原文链接

https://www.pigprogress.net/Health/Articles/2019/6/3-Lessons-to-reduce-antimicrobials-in-pigs-432402E/

来源:Pig Progress

作者:Maartje Wilhelm

(文/爱猪网记者刘坤颖编译,爱猪网原创,转载请注明出处)


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