Sow performance has increased in recent years. Improvements in genetics, nutrition and health status have driven these changes. Some nutritional solutions to deal with the increased demands for sows are still underutilized, carbohydrases being one of them.
近年来，母猪的生产性能有所提高。基因、营养和健康状况的改善推动了这些变化。一些营养解决方案，以应付日益增加的母猪的需求仍未得到充分利用，碳水化合物酶就是其中之一。
Pig producers need sows to rear healthy and fast-growing piglets. A sow’s biggest challenge is to do that without losing too much body protein reserves, so that she returns to service quickly. Therefore, feed intake and nutrient use need to be optimised.
养猪户要让母猪饲养健康、生长迅速的小猪。母猪最大的挑战是在不损失太多体内蛋白质储备的情况下做到这一点，这样她就能很快恢复体能。因此，需要优化饲料摄入量和营养利用率。
The digestibility of sow diets is affected by their capacity to digest non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs). As anti-nutrients, they reduce digestibility of the diet by nutrient entrapment, changes in diet viscosity and fermentation in the high gut. Carbohydrase addition is virtually standard in broiler diets and common in growing pig diets. Nutritionists, however, do not always value its effect in adult animals like sows. However, their use is justified since sow feed is usually highly fibrous and feed intake often limited.
母猪饲料消化率受非淀粉多糖消化能力的影响。作为一种抗营养物质，它们通过捕获营养物质、改变食物粘度并在肠道内发酵，从而降低饲料消化率。碳水化合物酶的添加在肉鸡饲料中几乎是标配，在生长育肥猪饲料中也很常见。然而，营养学家并不大重视它对母猪等成年动物的作用。但是，母猪饲料通常含高度纤维且饲料摄入量有限，因此碳水化合物酶的使用是合理的，。
Sows need to be in excellent bodily condition to deal with the task of lactation. Photo: Ronald Hissink
母猪需要处于良好的身体状况才能完成泌乳任务。图：Ronald Hissink
Performance aims of sows
母猪的性能目标
During lactation, the sows’ energy requirements increase dramatically. However, feed intake is self-limited during the first few days post-farrowing. During those significant metabolic changes, the mobilization of body reserves is required. If this negative energy balance persists, then sows lose weight and milk production is affected. This is detrimental to both the sow and her piglets.
在哺乳期，母猪的能量需求急剧增加。然而，在分娩后的最初几天，饲料摄入量是有限的。在这些重要的代谢变化期间，身体储备的调动是必要的。如果这种负能量平衡持续下去，母猪体重会下降，产奶量也会受到影响。这对母猪和小猪都是有害的。
Quantity and quality of sow milk play a key role for the health and growth of her piglets. From an economic point of view, the number and weight of a litter at weaning, is an indicator of the future performance of sows. If sows are not in good body condition when their piglets are weaned, they will take longer to return to service. If the cycle repeats, long term reproductive performance is reduced along with her longevity in the herd. Adding a carbohydrase complex in lactating sow diets has been shown to increase the digestibility of protein and energy during lactation. With feed intake an issue for lactating sows, enzymes are added on-top of the existing formulation to maximize nutrient release from the diet. Up until recently, however, there were relatively few scientific studies to this approach. Therefore, several scientific studies were conducted, to evaluate the effect of a specific carbohydrase complex* on body condition, nutrient digestibility and piglet performance in lactating sows, under different conditions. These studies were included in a meta-analysis, consisting the eight trials. The results are presented below.
母猪乳汁的产量和质量对仔猪能否健康成长至关重要。从经济角度看，断奶时产仔数和产仔重是母猪未来生产性能的指标。如果母猪在仔猪断奶时体况不佳，它们将需要更长的时间才能重新投入生产。如果这个周期重复，长期繁殖性能会随着母猪的年纪增长而降低。在泌乳母猪日粮中添加碳水化合物酶复合物可以提高泌乳期间蛋白质和能量的消化率。由于哺乳母猪的饲料摄入量是一个问题，在现有配方的基础上添加酶，以最大限度地让营养从饲料中释放出来。然而，直到最近，关于这种方法的科学研究仍相对较少。因此，我们进行了多项科学研究，以评估特定的碳水化合物酶复合物*在不同条件下对泌乳母猪的身体状况、营养物质消化率和仔猪性能的影响。这些研究被纳入一项整合分析，包括八个试验，结果如下。
Parity principles
胎次原则
Parity has a large effect on a sow body condition at both the start and end of lactation. Being younger, primiparous sows have less body reserves to draw on. Sows in their first and second parities also are often not eating enough feed to meet their requirements for energy and amino acids. In the meta-analysis, sows were put into three groups based on parity. Group 1 contained primiparous sows; group 2 was made up of second and third-parity sows; sows at parity four or higher were put into group 3.
在哺乳期开始和结束时，胎次对母猪的身体状况有很大的影响。初生母猪年纪较小，可以利用的身体储备较少。母猪在它们的第一胎和第二胎也经常吃不够饲料来满足它们对能量和氨基酸的需求。本试验根据胎次将母猪分为三组。第一组为初生母猪；第二组由二胎母猪和三胎母猪组成；产次在4头或4头以上的母猪则归为第三组。
* Rovabio Excel, Adisseo, France
来源：Pig Progress
作者：Pierre Cozannet
未完待续……
下文将继续介绍碳水化合物酶添加于母猪饲料的试验过程及结果，碳水化合物酶对于泌乳母猪的体况以及仔猪的性能到底有哪些影响，敬请期待！
（文/爱猪网记者刘坤颖编译，爱猪网原创，转载请注明出处）
